At least 7 killed in 34-car pileup on UK highway (AP)

LONDON ? A huge crash involving 34 vehicles on a highway in southwestern England killed at least seven people and injured 51, British police said Saturday.

The crash on Friday night involved explosions, and cars and tractor trailers burning "literally to the ground," Assistant Chief Constable Anthony Bangham told reporters. Police expect the death toll to rise and they fear they may find more bodies in the wreckage, Bangham said.

Video footage shown on British news channels showed large balls of fire consuming trucks, and billowing smoke at the scene.

It was not immediately clear what caused the collision on the M5 highway, but police said foggy conditions and wet road surfaces were partly to blame. Road accidents of this scale are rare in Britain, and rescuers have described the pile-up as one of the worst in living memory.

The affected section of the busy highway has been closed in both directions as police remove all vehicles for forensic examination. The highway will not be reopened until Sunday at the earliest, police said.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/europe/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111105/ap_on_re_eu/eu_britain_highway_crash

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China's Space Docking Destination Caught in Skywatcher Video & Photos (SPACE.com)

A robotic Chinese space capsule is poised to make its docking debut a space laboratory Wednesday (Nov. 2), and amateur astronomers are keeping watch.

China's just-launched Shenzhou 8 spacecraft, which launched late Monday (Eastern Time), is expected to dock at the country's Tiangong 1 space module to form a miniature space station. A few amateur astronomers have already spotted the orbiting Tiangong 1 spacecraft in advance of its space date.

On Oct. 28, observer Kevin Fetter of Brockville, Ontario set out to catch Italy's SkyMed 2 satellite fly over in the night sky. What he got was more than he bargained for.

Not only was SkyMed 2 clearly visible in the footage he shot with a low-light security camera on a telescope mount, but Tiangong 1 also passed across his field of view. Fetter snapped a?video of the Chinese space station test module, which was the brighter of the two objects, as it soared overhead.

"It was the first time I was able to observe a pass of Tiangong 1, because of the weather," Fetter told SPACE.com in an email. "It was also nice to see another bright [satellite] in orbit."

Other backyard observers also had luck.

Viewing from Shallotte, North Carolina, Tavi Greiner caught a photo of Tiangong 1 streaking across the sky on Oct. 4, shortly after Tiangong 1's Sept. 29 launch.

"The image was taken on the anniversary of Sputnik 1's 1957 launch, which offered a wonderful opportunity to discuss a little world space history with my children as we watched the Tiangong 1 flyover together," Greiner told SPACE.com.

As Tiangong 1 flew between the stars Cygnus and Cassiopeia shortly after sunset, Greiner said it was surprisingly bright and easily visible to the naked eye.

Justin Cowart of Carbondale, Ill., also observed the docking test module without a telescope, using a Nikon D80 camera to see the spacecraft zoom across the night sky. The sight was short-lived, though.

"Lost it pretty quickly as it was moving into shadow, since it was in fairly close proximity to the first quarter moon," Cowart wrote on the site SpaceWeather.com.

China's first docking test is an important step toward the nation's goal of building a larger manned space station by the year 2020. China is only the third country, after Russia and the United States, to launch a person to space.

You can follow SPACE.com assistant managing editor Clara Moskowitz on Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/china/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/space/20111102/sc_space/chinasspacedockingdestinationcaughtinskywatchervideophotos

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POLL: Who Should Kim Kardashian Date Next?


Kim Kardashian has landed in Los Angeles. The reality star, newly single, simply couldn't handle her promotional tour in Australia earlier in this week and canceled her final appearance Down Under.

She's now back on her home, paparazzi-filled turf, but she doesn't look happy about it, does she? We think we know why: the girl needs a new boyfriend!

Kim at LAX

Can you give her a dating hand, readers? We all have a pretty good idea what her type is, don't we?

So choose from this fine list of athletic fellas and help Kim get her totally-in-love-so-all-tabloids-can-write-about-me-in-a-better-light groove back on, people. She needs your assistance!

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2011/11/poll-who-should-kim-kardashian-date-next/

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Singer Charice calls for justice for slain father (AP)

MANILA, Philippines ? Singer Charice Pempengco of the hit TV show "Glee" appealed Wednesday for justice for her father, who was stabbed to death in her Philippine hometown, as police offered a reward and hunted for the suspect.

Authorities were preparing murder charges and will distribute public photographs of a man they said was intoxicated when he became angry after 40-year-old construction worker Ricky Pempengco brushed against him, San Pedro town police chief Kirby Kraft said.

Pempengco was buying cigarettes from a store late Monday when he was stabbed with an ice pick in the chest and back. The suspect fled the following morning after talking to his mother about the killing, Kraft said, adding they had at least two witnesses.

Police and local officials offered a reward leading to the suspect's arrest.

Charice flew back to the Philippines and paid respects to her father early Wednesday. She also apologized for canceling the rest of her tour dates, saying "my family comes first." She had been scheduled to perform in Singapore.

"Whoever did this must be brought to justice. Justice must be served, not just for my father but for everyone concerned," she told a radio interview.

Charice had been estranged from her father but said they had a great relationship, even though they had not had time to bond.

"I loved him and I will still love him," she wrote. "He's still my Dad after all."

The 19-year-old songstress, born Charmaine Clarice Relucio Pempengco, is known throughout Asia from concerts and TV talent shows in the Philippines and South Korea. She plays a recurring role on "Glee" as exchange student Sunshine Corazon.

In an interview with The Associated Press in 2010, Charice talked about the possibility of reconnecting with her father: "When he left us, I was 3 years old, and it's been 15 years now and I haven't seen or heard from him, but still, I wanna thank him because he's my dad, and I want to thank him for everything that he did, even if it's just a short time.

"But all the credit I want to give to my mom because she stayed for us for however many years."

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/music/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111102/ap_en_mu/as_philippines_people_charice

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Born to roar: Lions' and tigers' fearsome roars are due to their unusual vocal cords

ScienceDaily (Nov. 2, 2011) ? When lions and tigers roar loudly and deeply -- terrifying every creature within earshot -- they are somewhat like human babies crying for attention, although their voices are much deeper.

So says the senior author of a new study that shows lions' and tigers' loud, low-frequency roars are predetermined by physical properties of their vocal fold tissue -- namely, the ability to stretch and shear -- and not by nerve impulses from the brain.

"Roaring is similar to what a baby sounds like when it cries," says speech scientist Ingo Titze, executive director of the National Center for Voice and Speech, which is administered by the University of Utah. "In some ways, the lion is a large replica of a crying baby, loud and noisy, but at very low pitch."

The study of lion and tiger vocal folds and how they produce roaring -- vocalizations used by big cats to claim their territory -- was set for publication on Nov. 2, in the Public Library of Science's online journal PLoS ONE.

While the comparison was not part of the study, Titze says a baby "cries to have people come to help it. The lion uses similar attention-getting sound, but mainly to say, 'I am here, this is my territory, get out of here.'"

"In both cases, we hear loud, grating sounds that grab people's ears. When a baby cries, the sound isn't pretty. The sound is basically rough. The vibration isn't regular."

The same is true of roars by lions and tigers, and, like babies, their vocal folds (commonly called vocal cords) are "very loose and gel-like" and vibrate irregularly to make roars sound rough, Titze says. The main difference: Babies cry at a high-pitched frequency, while big cats have a low-frequency roar.

Roaring Frequency Dictated by Structure of Vocal Folds

The new study's key finding is that lions and tigers can roar loudly and deeply because their vocal folds have a flat, square shape and can withstand strong stretching and shearing. That contradicts a theory that lions roar deeply because the vocal folds are heavy with fat.

Instead, the fat helps give the vocal folds their square shape where they protrude into the airway, unlike triangular vocal folds in most species. The fat also may cushion the vocal folds and provide repair material when they are damaged, the researchers say.

"We were trying to correct a previous assumption that lions and tigers roar at low fundamental frequencies because they have a huge vocal folds," says study co-author Tobias Riede, a research assistant professor of biology at the University of Utah and a research associate at the National Center for Voice and Speech.

"It's true they have large vocal folds, but the shape and the viscoelastic properties [tension and shearing strength] make the roars so loud and deep," he says.

Riede says the scientists "set out to find out the relationship between structure of the vocal folds and how they work to produce the roar in lions and tigers. We tested if the mechanical properties of the vocal folds allowed us to make predictions about the sound."

They did. Measurements of vocal fold resistance to stretching and shearing let researchers accurately predict the "fundamental frequency" ranges at which lions and tigers are known to roar, and the lung pressures needed to produce those roars.

Titze and Riede conducted the research with first author Sarah Klemuk, an adjunct assistant professor of communication sciences at the University of Iowa; and Edward Walsh, director of auditory physiology at Boys Town National Research Hospital in Omaha, Neb. Titze is on the faculty at the University of Iowa and University of Utah, where he is a research professor of otolaryngology and medicinal chemistry. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.

"We study a lot of animals -- deer, elk, dogs and cats," Riede says. "Lions and tigers are just interesting examples for very loud and low-frequency vocalization."

These studies have a practical aspect. "If you understand how vocal folds are structured and what effects that structure has on vocal production, then it could help doctors make decisions on how to reconstruct damaged vocal fold tissue" in people such as cancer patients, singers, teachers, coaches and drill sergeants, he says.

Voices of Big Cats

The new study analyzed vocal folds from within the larynx, commonly known as the voice box. Larynges were excised from three lions and three tigers euthanized for humane reasons due to advanced disease at the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha. They ranged from 15 to 22.4 years old at death. The three lions were females. The tigers were female Sumatran and Bengal tigers and a male Amur (Siberian) tiger.

Vocalization is complex, and involves factors not included in the new study of vocal folds: how air is pushed from the lungs, how sound resonates in the vocal tract, how the tongue and jaw move, and movement of muscles and cartilage of the larynx.

The study included examinations of vocal fold tissue, which is soft connective tissue in the form of elastin, collagen, a lubricant known as hyaluronan, and fat.

Lions and tigers have large vocal folds: about 1 inch high from top to bottom, 1 inch thick side to side and 1.5 inches long front to back. They protrude from the larynx into the airway just above the trachea, forming a triangular shape on each side of the airway in most species but a squared shape in lions and tigers.

Scientists already knew lions and tigers have significant fat within their vocal folds. The new study showed that in big cats, this fat is located deep within the vocal fold ligament, and helps give the folds their flattened, square shape.

That shape "makes it easier for the tissue to respond to the passing airflow," allowing louder roars at less lung pressure, Riede says.

When air moves past the vocal folds to make sound, the folds vibrate side to side and up and down, stretching and shearing the folds -- properties the researchers tested.

First, they attached lion and tiger vocal folds to levers that measured force and distance as the tissue was stretched "like the strings of guitar," says Riede.

Next, the researchers put small circular disks of vocal fold tissue between plates and twisted one plate by a few degrees, slowly and quickly, while measuring the force needed to do that. That shows how well the material withstood shearing during roaring.

The scientists then used these measurements of tension and shear strength of big cat vocal folds to predict the lung pressures and "fundamental frequency" range at which the animals roar -- the range of rates at which the vocal folds are able to vibrate.

They came up with 10 to 430 hertz, or cycles per second, which is consistent with known roaring frequencies of 40 to 200 hertz in lions and 83 to 246 hertz in tigers, Riede says. Men speak at 100 to 120 hertz and women at a higher 200 to 250 hertz, but big cats are much louder because they more efficiently convert lung pressure into acoustic energy.

It makes sense that lions' and tigers' frequency when roaring is a function of the mechanical properties of their vocal folds, not the mass or weight. After all, elk have similarly sized vocal folds, yet they have a high-pitch bugle not a low roar, Titze says.

"It is confirmation that the frequencies of phonation are described by mechanical properties of the vocal folds and not by nerve impulses from the brain," he adds.

A lion's or tiger's roar can reach 114 decibels to someone standing a few feet away, which "is about 25 times as loud as a gas lawn mower," Titze says. And roars aren't delivered one at a time; instead, lions roar about 50 times in 90-second bouts.

"They roar with a sound that is frightening to people because it has this rough and raw quality," Titze says. "Lions and tigers are deemed the kings of the beasts, partly because of their roars. Imagine if they sang beautiful tunes and they were very low-frequency tunes. Who's going to be afraid of that?"

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Utah.

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Journal Reference:

  1. Sarah A. Klemuk, Tobias Riede, Edward J. Walsh, Ingo R. Titze. Adapted to Roar: Functional Morphology of Tiger and Lion Vocal Folds. PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (11): e27029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027029

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111102190012.htm

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U.S. Glossed Over Cancer Concerns Associated with Airport X-Ray Scanners

Image: TSA.gov

Look for a PBS NewsHour story on X-ray body scanners, reported in conjunction with ProPublica, to air later this month.

On Sept. 23, 1998, a panel of radiation safety experts gathered at a Hilton hotel in Maryland to evaluate a new device that could detect hidden weapons and contraband. The machine, known as the Secure 1000, beamed X-rays at people to see underneath their clothing.

One after another, the experts convened by the Food and Drug Administration raised questions about the machine because it violated a longstanding principle in radiation safety ? that humans shouldn?t be X-rayed unless there is a medical benefit.

?I think this is really a slippery slope,? said Jill Lipoti, who was the director of New Jersey?s radiation protection program. The device was already deployed in prisons; what was next, she and others asked ? courthouses, schools, airports? ?I am concerned ? with expanding this type of product for the traveling public,? said another panelist, Stanley Savic, the vice president for safety at a large electronics company. ?I think that would take this thing to an entirely different level of public health risk.?

The machine?s inventor, Steven W. Smith, assured the panelists that it was highly unlikely that the device would see widespread use in the near future. At the time, only 20 machines were in operation in the entire country.

?The places I think you are not going to see these in the next five years is lower-security facilities, particularly power plants, embassies, courthouses, airports and governments,? Smith said. ?I would be extremely surprised in the next five to 10 years if the Secure 1000 is sold to any of these.?

Today, the United States has begun marching millions of airline passengers through the X-ray body scanners, parting ways with countries in Europe and elsewhere that have concluded that such widespread use of even low-level radiation poses an unacceptable health risk. The government is rolling out the X-ray scanners despite having a safer alternative that the Transportation Security Administration says is also highly effective.

A ProPublica/PBS NewsHour investigation of how this decision was made shows that in post-9/11 America, security issues can trump even long-established medical conventions. The final call to deploy the X-ray machines was made not by the FDA, which regulates drugs and medical devices, but by the TSA, an agency whose primary mission is to prevent terrorist attacks.

Research suggests that anywhere from six to 100 U.S. airline passengers each year could get cancer from the machines. Still, the TSA has repeatedly defined the scanners as ?safe,? glossing over the accepted scientific view that even low doses of ionizing radiation ? the kind beamed directly at the body by the X-ray scanners ? increase the risk of cancer.

?Even though it?s a very small risk, when you expose that number of people, there?s a potential for some of them to get cancer,? said Kathleen Kaufman, the former radiation management director in Los Angeles County, who brought the prison X-rays to the FDA panel?s attention.

About 250 X-ray scanners are currently in U.S. airports, along with 264 body scanners that use a different technology, a form of low-energy radio waves known as millimeter waves.

Robin Kane, the TSA?s assistant administrator for security technology, said that no one would get cancer because the amount of radiation the X-ray scanners emit is minute. Having both technologies is important to create competition, he added.

?It?s a really, really small amount relative to the security benefit you?re going to get,? Kane said. ?Keeping multiple technologies in play is very worthwhile for the U.S. in getting that cost-effective solution ? and being able to increase the capabilities of technology because you keep everyone trying to get the better mousetrap.?

Determined to fill a critical hole in its ability to detect explosives, the TSA plans to have one or the other operating at nearly every security lane in America by 2014. The TSA has designated the scanners for ?primary? screening: Officers will direct every passenger, including children, to go through either a metal detector or a body scanner, and the passenger?s only alternative will be to request a physical pat-down.

How did the United States swing from considering such X-rays taboo to deeming them safe enough to scan millions of people a year?

A new wave of terrorist attacks using explosives concealed on the body, coupled with the scanners? low dose of radiation, certainly convinced many radiation experts that the risk was justified.

But other factors helped the machines gain acceptance.

Because of a regulatory Catch-22, the airport X-ray scanners have escaped the oversight required for X-ray machines used in doctors? offices and hospitals. The reason is that the scanners do not have a medical purpose, so the FDA cannot subject them to the rigorous evaluation it applies to medical devices.

Still, the FDA has limited authority to oversee some non-medical products and can set mandatory safety regulations. But the agency let the scanners fall under voluntary standards set by a nonprofit group heavily influenced by industry.

As for the TSA, it skipped a public comment period required before deploying the scanners. Then, in defending them, it relied on a small body of unpublished research to insist the machines were safe, and ignored contrary opinions from U.S. and European authorities that recommended precautions, especially for pregnant women. Finally, the manufacturer, Rapiscan Systems, unleashed an intense and sophisticated lobbying campaign, ultimately winning large contracts.

Both the FDA and TSA say due diligence has been done to assure the scanners? safety. Rapiscan says it won the contract because its technology is superior at detecting threats. While the TSA says X-ray and millimeter-wave scanners are both effective, Germany decided earlier this year not to roll out millimeter-wave machines after finding they produced too many false positives.

Most of the news coverage on body scanners has focused on privacy, because the machines can produce images showing breasts and buttocks. But the TSA has since installed software to make the images less graphic. While some accounts have raised the specter of radiation, this is the first report to trace the history of the scanners and document the gaps in regulation that allowed them to avoid rigorous safety evaluation.

Little research on cancer risk of body scanners
Humans are constantly exposed to ionizing radiation, a form of energy that has been shown to strip electrons from atoms, damage DNA and mutate genes, potentially leading to cancer. Most radiation comes from radon, a gas produced from naturally decaying elements in the ground. Another major source is cosmic radiation from outer space. Many common items, such as smoke detectors, contain tiny amounts of radioactive material, as do exit signs in schools and office buildings.

As a result, the cancer risk from any one source of radiation is often small. Outside of nuclear accidents, such as that at Japan's Fukushima plant, and medical errors, the health risk comes from cumulative exposure.

In Rapiscan?s Secure 1000 scanner, which uses ionizing radiation, a passenger stands between two large blue boxes and is scanned with a pencil X-ray beam that rapidly moves left to right and up and down the body. In the other machine, ProVision, made by defense contractor L-3 Communications, a passenger enters a chamber that looks like a round phone booth and is scanned with millimeter waves, a form of low-energy radio waves, which have not been shown to strip electrons from atoms or cause cancer.

Only a decade ago, many states prohibited X-raying a person for anything other than a medical exam. Even after 9/11, such non-medical X-raying remains taboo in most of the industrialized world. In July, the European Parliament passed a resolution that security ?scanners using ionizing radiation should be prohibited? because of health risks. Although the United Kingdom uses the X-ray machine for limited purposes, such as when passengers trigger the metal detector, most developed countries have decided to forgo body scanners altogether or use only the millimeter-wave machines.

While the research on medical X-rays could fill many bookcases, the studies that have been done on the airport X-ray scanners, known as backscatters, fill a file no more than a few inches thick. None of the main studies cited by the TSA has been published in a peer-reviewed journal, the gold standard for scientific research.

Those tests show that the Secure 1000 delivers an extremely low dose of radiation, less than 10 microrems. The dose is roughly one-thousandth of a chest X-ray and equivalent to the cosmic radiation received in a few minutes of flying at typical cruising altitude. The TSA has used those measurements to say the machines are ?safe.?

Most of what researchers know about the long-term health effects of low levels of radiation comes from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By charting exposure levels and cancer cases, researchers established a linear link that shows the higher the exposure, the greater risk of cancer.

Some scientists argue the danger is exaggerated. They claim low levels stimulate the repair mechanism in cells, meaning that a little radiation might actually be good for the body.

But in the authoritative report on low doses of ionizing radiation, published in 2006, the National Academy of Sciences reviewed the research and concluded that the preponderance of research supported the linear link. It found ?no compelling evidence? that there is any level of radiation at which the risk of cancer is zero.

Radiation experts say the dose from the backscatter is negligible when compared to naturally occurring background radiation. Speaking to the 1998 FDA panel, Smith, the inventor, compared the increased risk to choosing to visit Denver instead of San Diego or the decision to wear a sweater versus a sport coat.

Using the linear model, even such trivial amounts increase the number of cancer cases. Rebecca Smith-Bindman, a radiologist at the University of California, San Francisco, estimated that the backscatters would lead to only six cancers over the course of a lifetime among the approximately 100 million people who fly every year. David Brenner, director of Columbia University?s Center for Radiological Research, reached a higher number ? potentially 100 additional cancers every year.

?Why would we want to put ourselves in this uncertain situation where potentially we?re going to have some cancer cases?? Brenner asked. ?It makes me think, really, why don?t we use millimeter waves when we don?t have so much uncertainty??

But even without the machines, Smith-Bindman said, the same 100 million people would develop 40 million cancers over the course of their lifetimes. In this sea of cancer cases, it would be impossible to identify the patients whose cancer is linked to the backscatter machines.

How the scanners avoided strict oversight
Although they deliberately expose humans to radiation, the airport X-ray scanners are not medical devices, so they are not subject to the stringent regulations required for diagnostic X-ray machines.

If they were, the manufacturer would have to submit clinical data showing safety and effectiveness and be approved through a rigorous process by the FDA. If the machines contained radioactive material, they would have to report to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

But because it didn?t fit into either category, the Secure 1000 was classified as an electronic product. The FDA does not review or approve the safety of such products. However, manufacturers must provide a brief radiation safety report explaining the dose and notify the agency if any overexposure is discovered. According to the FDA, no such incidents have been reported.

Under its limited oversight of electronic products, the FDA could issue mandatory safety regulations. But it didn?t do so, a decision that flows from its history of supervising electronics.

Regulation of electronic products in the United States began after a series of scandals. From the 1930s to the 1950s, it was common for a child to go to a shoe store and stand underneath an X-ray machine known as a fluoroscope to check whether a shoe was the right fit. But after cases arose of a shoe model?s leg being amputated and store clerks developing dermatitis from putting their hands in the beam to adjust the shoe, the practice ended.

In 1967, General Electric recalled 90,000 color televisions that had been sold without the proper shielding, potentially exposing viewers to dangerous levels of radiation. The scandal prompted the creation of the federal Bureau of Radiological Health.

?That ultimately led to a lot more aggressive program,? said John Villforth, who was the director of the bureau. Over the next decade, the bureau created federal safety standards for televisions, medical X-rays, microwaves, tanning beds, even laser light shows.

But in 1982, the FDA merged the radiological health bureau into its medical-device unit.

?I was concerned that if they were to combine the two centers into one, it would probably mean the ending of the radiation program because the demands for medical-device regulation were becoming increasingly great,? said Villforth, who was put in charge of the new Center for Devices and Radiological Health. ?As I sort of guessed, the radiation program took a big hit.?

The new unit became stretched for scarce resources as it tried to deal with everything from tongue depressors to industrial lasers. The government used to have 500 people examining the safety of electronic products emitting radiation. It now has about 20 people. In fact, the FDA has not set a mandatory safety standard for an electronic product since 1985.

As a result, there is an FDA safety regulation for X-rays scanning baggage ? but none for X-rays scanning people at airports.

Meanwhile, scientists began developing backscatter X-rays, in which the waves are reflected off an object to a detector, for the security industry.

The Secure 1000 people scanner was invented by Smith in 1991 and later sold to Rapiscan, then a small security firm based in southern California. The first major customer was the California prison system, which began scanning visitors to prevent drugs and weapons from getting in. But the state pulled the devices in 2001 after a group of inmates' wives filed a class-action lawsuit accusing the prisons of violating their civil liberties.

The U.S. Customs Service deployed backscatter machines for several years but in limited fashion and with strict supervision. Travelers suspected of carrying contraband had to sign a consent form, and Customs policy prohibited the scanning of pregnant women. The agency abandoned them in 2006, not for safety reasons but because smugglers had learned where the machines were installed and adapted their methods to avoid them, said Rick Whitman, the radiation safety officer for Customs until 2008.

Yet, even this limited application of X-ray scanning for security dismayed radiation safety experts. In 1999, the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, a nongovernmental organization, passed a resolution recommending that such screening be stopped immediately.

The backscatter machines had also caught the attention of the 1998 FDA advisory panel, which recommended that the FDA establish government safety regulations for people scanners. Instead, the FDA decided to go with a voluntary standard set by a trade group largely comprising manufacturers and government agencies that wanted to use the machines.

?Establishing a mandatory standard takes an enormous amount of resources and could take a decade to publish,? said Dan Kassiday, a longtime radiation safety engineer at the FDA.

In addition, since the mid-1990s, Congress has directed federal safety agencies to use industry standards wherever possible instead of creating their own.

The FDA delegated the task of establishing the voluntary standards to the American National Standards Institute. A private nonprofit that sets standards for many industries, ANSI convened a committee of the Health Physics Society, a trade group of radiation safety specialists. It was made up of 15 people, including six representatives of manufacturers of X-ray body scanners and five from U.S. Customs and the California prison system. There were few government regulators and no independent scientists.

In contrast, the FDA advisory panel was also made up of 15 people ? five representatives from government regulatory agencies, four outside medical experts, one labor representative and five experts from the electronic products industry, but none from the scanner manufacturers themselves.

?I am more comfortable with having a regulatory agency ? either federal or the states ? develop the standards and enforce them,? Kaufman said. Such regulators, she added, ?have only one priority, and that?s public health.?

A representative of the Health Physics Society committee said that was its main priority as well. Most of the committee?s evaluation was completed before 9/11. The standard was published in 2002 and updated with minor changes in 2009.

Ed Bailey, chief of California?s radiological health branch at the time, said he was the lone voice opposing the use of the machines. But after 9/11, his views changed about what was acceptable in pursuit of security.

?The whole climate of their use has changed,? Bailey said. ?The consequence of something being smuggled on an airplane is far more serious than somebody getting drugs into a prison.?

Are Inspections Independent?
While the TSA doesn?t regulate the machines, it must seek public input before making major changes to security procedures. In July, a federal appeals court ruled that the agency failed to follow rule-making procedures and solicit public comment before installing body scanners at airports across the country. TSA spokesman Michael McCarthy said the agency couldn?t comment on ongoing litigation.

The TSA asserts there is no need to take additional precautions for sensitive populations, even pregnant women, following the guidance of the congressionally chartered National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements.

But other authorities have come to the opposite conclusion. A report by France?s radiation safety agency specifically warned against screening pregnant women with the X-ray devices. In addition, the Federal Aviation Administration?s medical institute has advised pregnant pilots and flight attendants that the machine, coupled with their time in the air, could put them over their occupational limit for radiation exposure and that they might want to adjust their work schedules accordingly.

No similar warning has been issued for pregnant frequent fliers.

Even as people scanners became more widespread, government oversight actually weakened in some cases.

Inspections of X-ray equipment in hospitals and industry are the responsibility of state regulators ? and before 9/11, many states also had the authority to randomly inspect machines in airports. But that ended when the TSA took over security checkpoints from the airlines.

Instead, annual inspections are done by Rapiscan, the scanners? manufacturer.

?As a regulator, I think there?s a conflict of interest in having the manufacturer and the facility inspect themselves,? Kaufman said.

Last year, in reaction to public anger from members of Congress, passengers and advocates, the TSA contracted with the Army Public Health Command to do independent radiation surveys. But email messages obtained in a lawsuit brought by the Electronic Privacy Information Center, a civil liberties group, raise questions about the independence of the Army surveys.

One email sent by TSA health and safety director Jill Segraves shows that local TSA officials were given advance notice and allowed to ?pick and choose? which systems the Army could check.

That email also suggests that Segraves considered the Rapiscan inspectors a valuable public-relations asset: ?They are our radiation myth busters,? she wrote to a local security director.

Some TSA screeners are concerned about their own radiation exposure from the backscatters, but the TSA has not allowed them to wear badges that could measure it, said Milly Rodriguez, health and safety specialist for the American Federation of Government Employees, which represents TSA officers.

?We have heard from members that sometimes the technicians tell them that the machines are emitting more radiation than is allowed,? she said.

McCarthy, the TSA spokesman, said the machines are physically incapable of producing radiation above the industry standard. In the email, he said, the inspections allow screeners to ask questions about radiation and address concerns about specific machines.

The company?s lobbying campaign
While the TSA maintains that the body scanners are essential to preventing attacks on airplanes, it only began rolling them out nine years after 9/11.

After the attempted shoe-bombing in December 2001, the federal government conducted a trial of a Rapiscan backscatter at the Orlando International Airport. But the revealing images drew protests that the machines amounted to a virtual strip search.

The TSA considered the scanners again after two Chechen women blew up Russian airliners in 2004. Facing a continued outcry over privacy, the TSA instead moved forward with a machine known as a ?puffer? because it released several bursts of air on the passengers? clothes and analyzed the dislodged particles for explosives. But after discovering the machines were ineffective in the field and difficult to maintain, the TSA canceled the program in 2006.

Around that time, Rapiscan began to beef up its lobbying on Capitol Hill. It opened a Washington, D.C., office and, according to required disclosures, more than tripled its lobbying expenditures in two years, from less than $130,000 in 2006 to nearly $420,000 in 2008. It hired former legislative aides to Rep. David Price, D-N.C., then chairman of the homeland security appropriations subcommittee, and to Sen. Trent Lott, R-Miss.

It started a political action committee and began contributing heavily to Price; Rep. Bennie Thompson, D-Miss., then head of the homeland security committee; Rep. Jane Harman, D-Calif., also on that committee; and Sen. Thad Cochran, R-Miss., the top Republican on the Senate appropriations committee.

In addition, it opened a new North Carolina plant in Price?s district and expanded its operations in Ocean Springs, Miss., and at its headquarters in Torrance, Calif., in Harman?s district.

?Less than a month after U.S. Senator Trent Lott and other local leaders helped officially open Rapiscan Systems? new Ocean Springs factory,? Lott?s office announced in a news release in late 2006, ?the company has won a $9.1 million Department of Defense contract.?

But Rapiscan still hadn?t landed a major contract to roll out its X-ray body scanners in commercial airports. Indeed, in 2007, with new privacy filters in place, the TSA began a trial of millimeter-wave and backscatter machines at several major airports, after which the agency opted to go with the millimeter-wave machines. The agency said health concerns weren?t a factor.

But with the 2009 federal stimulus package, which provided $300 million for checkpoint security machines, the TSA began deploying backscatters as well. Rapiscan won a $173 million, multiyear contract for the backscatters, with an initial $25 million order for 150 systems to be made in Mississippi.???????

Three other companies ? American Science & Engineering, Tek84 Engineering Group and Valley Forge Composite Technologies ? make X-ray scanners, but none are used by the TSA.Peter Kant, executive vice president for Rapiscan, said the company expanded its lobbying because its business was increasingly affected by the government.

?There?s a lot of misinformation about the technology; there?s a lot of questions about how various inspection technologies work,? he said. ?And we needed a way to be able to provide that information and explain the technology and how it works, and that?s what lobbying is.?

The lawmakers either declined to comment or said the lobbying, campaign contributions and local connections had nothing to do with the TSA?s decision to purchase Rapiscan machines. The TSA said the contract was bid competitively and that the winning machines had to undergo comprehensive research and testing phases before being deployed.

While the scanners were appearing in more and more airports, few passengers went through them, because they were used mostly for random screening or to resolve alarms from the metal detector.

That changed on Christmas Day 2009, when a Nigerian man flying to Detroit tried to ignite a pouch of explosives hidden in his underwear.

Following the foiled ?Great Balls of Fire? suicide bombing, as the New York Postdubbed it, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano ramped up plans to roll out body scanners nationwide. Members of Congress and aviation security experts also pushed heavily for the TSA to install more machines that could detect explosives on passengers.

Harman sent a letter to Napolitano, noting that Rapiscan was in her district.

?I urge you to expedite installation of scanning machines in key airports,? Harman wrote in the letter, which was first reported by the website CounterPunch. ?If you need additional funds, I am ready to help.?

Michael Chertoff, who had supported body scanners while secretary of Homeland Security, appeared frequently on TV advocating their use. In one interview, he disclosed that his consulting firm, Chertoff Group, had done work for Rapiscan, sparking accusations that he was trying to profit from his time as a government servant.

Despite the criticism, little has been revealed about the relationship. Rapiscan dismissed it, asserting that the consulting work had to do with international cargo and port security issues ? not aviation.

?There was nothing that was not above board,? Kant said. ?His comments about passenger screening and these machines were simply his own and was nothing that we had engaged the Chertoff Group for.?

A public records request by ProPublica turned up empty: The Department of Homeland Security said it could not find any correspondence to or from Chertoff related to body scanners. DHS also said Chertoff did not use email.

The Chertoff Group did not respond to requests for comment.

The TSA plans to deploy 1,275 backscatter and millimeter-wave scanners covering more than half its security lanes by the end of 2012 and 1,800 covering nearly all the lanes by 2014.

According to annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, OSI Systems, the parent company of Rapiscan, has seen revenue from its security division more than double since 2006 to nearly $300 million in fiscal year 2011.

Miles O?Brien and Kate Tobin of PBS NewsHour contributed to this report.

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=71bdf9041397092c5146a2b54ef87def

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Supporting Cain, GOP base evokes Thomas hearings (AP)

ATLANTA ? Conservatives rallied around Herman Cain as he battles sexual harassment allegations, likening the attacks on the Republican presidential contender to what they describe as the "high-tech lynching" of another prominent black Republican: Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.

The forceful early reaction to the Cain firestorm ? fueled by racially charged rhetoric ? suggests the Georgia businessman's attempt to cast himself as a victim of the media and liberals is, so far, paying dividends among his conservative Republican base, who will hold considerable sway in selecting the party's nominee. But the accusations against Cain, an untested newcomer on the political scene, may give more moderate GOP voters pause and could cause would-be donors to shy away even as Cain works to capitalize on his rising poll numbers.

With the first-in-the-nation Iowa caucus less than three months away, the harassment allegations ? and Cain's response to them ? have the potential to reshuffle the GOP race.

So far, the early cry from the right is to support Cain using a race-based defense and familiar targets. Becoming a target of the left and the media could bolster Cain's support among those who view those groups with disdain.

"I think the left is totally and completely terrified of a conservative black man coming to power and prominence," said Debbie Dooley, a leader of Atlanta Tea Party Patriots. "They are trying to do the same thing to him that they did with Clarence Thomas."

It was view that echoed loudly across talk radio and the Internet as conservative pundits weighed in.

"It's outrageous the way liberals treat a black conservative," fumed pundit Ann Coulter.

Radio show host Rush Limbaugh lashed out at the mainstream media for pursuing "the ugliest racial stereotypes they can to attack a black conservative."

Radio show host Rush Limbaugh lashed out at the mainstream media for pursuing "the ugliest racial stereotypes they can to attack a black conservative."

"This is about blacks and Hispanics getting uppity," Limbaugh continued. "(Liberals) cannot have a black Republican running for office, can't have a Hispanic, the Left owns those minorities, those two groups can't be seen rising on their own."

The head of the conservative Media Research Center, Brent Bozell, labeled the story a "high-tech lynching," evoking Thomas' divisive Supreme Court confirmation hearings two decades ago, where he was confronted with sexual harassment allegations from a onetime employee, Anita Hill.

The allegations against Cain came to light Sunday night. Politico reported that at least two women who complained about sexually inappropriate behavior while working for Cain at the National Restaurant Association had signed agreements with the restaurant group that gave them five-figure financial payouts to leave the association and barred them from discussing their departures. Neither woman was identified.

The report was based on anonymous sources and, in one case, what the publication said was a review of documentation that described the allegations and the resolution. Politico said Cain spokesman J.D. Gordon told their publication that Cain himself had indicated to campaign officials that he was "vaguely familiar" with the charges and that the restaurant association's general counsel had resolved the matter.

On Monday, Cain ? who completed a round of Washington appearances amid a frenzy of media attention ? labeled the charges a witch hunt.

He said he was aware of the allegations made against him in the 1990s but called them "baseless" and denied he sexually harassed anyone. He said he had no knowledge of whether the association provided any such settlements, and he declined to address specifics of the accusations or the resolution.

While Cain seemed to benefit from an early burst of support in key quarters, the full impact of the charges is not yet known.

Women's rights groups expressed frustration that, 20 years after the Thomas hearings, sexual harassment complaints had again been reduced to a partisan fight.

Erin Matson, a vice president for the National Organization for Women, said the women in question should be given the benefit of the doubt.

"It is deeply insulting that this is being called political," Matson said. "Sexual harassment allegations are always about a woman who is simply trying to go to work."

Still, for some the desire to oust Obama could trump most anything else.

Sonia Conte, a 73-year-old retired accountant from Akron, Ohio, said the allegations about Cain don't change her opinion of him: She is concerned that he has little governing experience and prefers former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney.

"But I'd still rather vote for Herman Cain than Barack Obama," said Conte, a registered Democrat. Obama, she said, mishandled the economy and the end of the Iraq war. "Anybody but Obama."

Cain acknowledged the charges could harm his campaign at a critical juncture.

"Obviously, some people are going to be turned off by this cloud that someone wanted to put over my campaign," he said. "But a lot of people aren't going to be turned off. We'll just have to wait and see what happens."

___

Follow Shannon McCaffrey at http://www.twitter.com(backslash)smccaffrey13

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/politics/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111101/ap_on_el_pr/us_cain

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Anadarko has bigger loss on BP settlement (Reuters)

(Reuters) ? Anadarko Petroleum Corp reported a wider quarterly loss on Monday, as the U.S. oil and gas company spent $4 billion to reach a settlement with BP Plc over that company's Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster last year.

Anadarko owned 25 percent of the Macondo well that ruptured in April 2010, killing 11 men and causing the world's worst marine oil spill. BP and Anadarko settled on October 17. effectively eliminating a worry for Andarko investors.

Since the deal was announced, shares of Andarko have climbed 11 percent.

The company also said it has amassed a 300,000 acre position in the developing Utica Shale in Ohio. Companies have flocked to that basin in a search for crude oil and natural gas liquids trapped in shale.

Anadarko, based in Houston, reported a third-quarter loss of $3.1 billion, or $6.12 per share, compared with a loss of $26 million, or 5 cents per share, a year earlier.

Excluding the BP settlement and other one-time items, Houston based Anadarko had a profit of 66 cents a share. On average, Wall Street analysts had expected a profit of 67 cents per share, according to data from Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.

Sales of oil and gas were 660,000 barrels oil equivalent (boe) per day, up 5 percent from 629,000 boe per day in the 2010 third quarter.

Looking ahead, Anadarko left it production outlook for the full year essentially unchanged. The company expects total sales of oil and gas of 245 million to 248 million boe, up from 244 million to 248 million last quarter.

For 2011, Anadarko said it will spend up to $6.27 billion, down a bit from its prior forecast for capital expenditures of $6.45 billion.

Shares of Andarko edged down to $78.30 after the close of regular trading. The stock closed at $78.50 on the New York Stock Exchange.

(Reporting by Anna Driver in Houston; Editing by Steve Orlofsky)

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/science/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20111031/ts_nm/us_anadarko

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Catch the fever: It'll help you fight off infection

Tuesday, November 1, 2011

With cold and flu season almost here, the next time you're sick, think twice before taking something for your fever. That's because scientists have found more evidence that elevated body temperature helps certain types of immune cells to work better. This research is reported in the November 2011 issue of the Journal of Leukocyte Biology.

"An increase in body temperature has been known since ancient times to be associated with infection and inflammation," said Elizabeth A. Repasky, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Department of Immunology at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York. "Since a febrile response is highly conserved in nature (even so-called cold blooded animals move to warmer places when they become ill) it would seem important that we immunologists devote more attention to this interesting response."

Scientists found that the generation and differentiation of a particular kind of lymphocyte, known as a "CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell" (capable of destroying virus-infected cells and tumor cells) is enhanced by mild fever-range hyperthermia. Specifically, their research suggests that elevated body temperature changes the T-cells' membranes which may help mediate the effects of micro-environmental temperature on cell function. To test this, researchers injected two groups of mice with an antigen, and examined the activation of T-cells following the interaction with antigen presenting cells. Body temperature in half of the mice was raised by 2 degrees centigrade, while the other half maintained a normal core body temperature. In the warmed mice, results showed a greater number of the type of CD8 T-cells capable of destroying infected cells.

"Having a fever might be uncomfortable," said John Wherry, Ph.D., Deputy Editor of the Journal of Leukocyte Biology, "but this research report and several others are showing that having a fever is part of an effective immune response. We had previously thought that the microbes that infect us simply can't replicate as well when we have fevers, but this new work also suggests that the immune system might be temporarily enhanced functionally when our temperatures rise with fever. Although very high body temperatures are dangerous and should be controlled, this study shows that we may need to reconsider how and when we treat most mild fevers."

###

Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology: http://www.faseb.org

Thanks to Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/114822/Catch_the_fever__It_ll_help_you_fight_off_infection

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Apple to issue software fix for iPhone battery (Reuters)

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) ? Apple Inc on Wednesday said it will release a software update to its iOS 5 operating system, acknowledging some customer complaints on the performance of the new iPhone 4S battery.

"A small number of customers have reported lower-than-expected battery life on iOS 5 devices," An Apple spokesman said. "We have found a few bugs that are affecting battery life and we will release a software update to address those in a few weeks."

Apple did not provide any more details but a rash of complaints on the new phone's short battery life have cropped up in online forums.

(Reporting by Poornima Gupta, editing by Grant McCool, Gary Hill)

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/software/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20111103/wr_nm/us_apple_iphone

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