Which came last, the dinosaur or the egg?

Scientists unearthed remains of a new kind of dinosaur and its eggs in Patagonia recently. The fossil find provides fresh clues to the past.

New evidence suggests that mama dinosaur likely perished at the same time as her eggs.

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Researchers in Patagonia recently found skeletal remains of a newly designated genus of dinosaur ? Bonapartenykus ??near two broken eggshells. Examinations of the bones and eggs suggest that they may have been inside the creature at the time of her death.?

"So it looks like we have indirect evidence for keeping two eggs in two oviducts," Kundr?t told LiveScience. "They were close to being laid, but the female didn't make it."

Or maybe not. Other information gathered from shards of eggshells discovered later indicates that some of the eggs had been incubated, and therefore contained embryos at an advanced stage of development. In other words, some of the eggs may have been in the nest, not in the dinosaur.

Though the location of the eggs at the time of the mother's death remains uncertain, the 70-million-year-old fossils hold several more clues to the past.

The remains are from the birdlike dino which belonged to a group of dinosaurs known as the Alvarezsauridae. It's known as Bonapartenykus ultimus, named in honor of Jos? Bonaparte, discoverer of the first alvarezsaurid in Patagonia in 1991.

Measuring eight and a half feet long, it was one of the largest members of the family.?The feathered bipeds possessed birdlike skulls, small jaws with teeth, and strong but short arms that ended with a?sizable claw.

The eggs found with the mother's remains are unique, so researchers designated a new type of dinosaur egg?called Arraigadoolithidae,?named for Alberto Arraigada?the owner of the site where the specimen was discovered.

When Kundr?t, a dinosaur expert from Uppsala University in Sweden, examined the eggshells, he noticed what "turned out to be the first evidence of fungal contamination of dinosaur eggs."

Kundr?t told LiveScience of his discovery, "It looks like at the very late stage the eggs could suffer from the same contamination as in common birds."

These findings will be published in the June 2012 edition of the journal Cretaceous Research. The article is available online now.

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How Digital Populism Is Reshaping the Body Politic

Ethan Riegelhaupt is senior vice president for corporate and public affairs at Edelman. Previously, he served as vice president for speech writing and internal communications at The New York Times Company. He was also a senior staff member for New York Gov. Mario M. Cuomo.

We love the Internet because it supports our overwhelming desire to have a larger influence over what happens in our lives. This fundamental longing to control our destiny has inspired every successful political movement in the last 250 years, whether it was the American Revolution or the fight against Communism in Eastern Europe.

[More from Mashable: NBC Launches 2012 Election Foursquare Badges [EXCLUSIVE]]

Now, a few decades later, our need to exert real influence over the larger activities of life continues. We see countless examples of individuals, much like ourselves, employing digital tools to create sparks, ignite fires, and shine bright lights on alleged injustices, misdeeds, or desired changes. People all over the planet use their computers and smart phones to confront organizations, forcing them to pay closer attention to what they are saying, thinking, and doing.

The Trayvon Martin tragedy is an excellent case in point. As Brian Stelter reported in The New York Times, the story gained traction when people started talking on Facebook and Twitter about what George Zimmerman, the alleged shooter, did on the night of February 26 in Sanford, Florida. It took a few weeks before the mainstream media began to pay attention. But they did, and the case became a national fixation.

[More from Mashable: Disconnect: 5 Business Benefits of Working Out]

In a recent piece, Paul Krugman, a Times Op-Ed columnist, referred to Richard Hofstadter's famous 1964 essay, The Paranoid Style in American Politics arguing that people in this country see conspiracies everywhere. While this dark mindset still exists, the Martin case demonstrates that the Internet can serve as a sane political and social counterbalance.

Far more importantly, the Internet has become a catalyst for concerted behavior, enabling individuals throughout the world to make the transition from commenting and speaking to doing and acting. This has exponentially enhanced anyone's ability to alter and shape the course of events.

Out of all this activity, we see the emergence of what may well be the most important political development of the 21st century: digital populism. It is global in scope with a flavor of the New England town square and speaks to the intrinsic need for personal expression, mass action, and ongoing engagement.

It is worth noting that digital populism is a hotly contested concept, generating lengthy exchanges regarding what it means, what it has already achieved, and whether it will be a truly disruptive political force. Naturally, this debate became quite heated in the midst of the Arab Spring when the Egyptian and Tunisian governments were overthrown.

To avoid becoming overly utopian or romantic about this era, we must maintain a historical perspective. After all, mass action around a common objective is not a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, it is abundantly apparent that the Internet is profoundly shaping a new politics of inclusion that invites all to contribute to the ongoing narrative.

It is something that will certainly shape the U.S. political narrative this campaign season, and it won't be the first time. In 2008, then-presidential candidate, Barack Obama, provided a textbook example of how to use online tools to rally supporters, raise money, and convey his positions.

Four years later, the President?s campaign is undoubtedly becoming even more proficient at using the web to mobilize its millions of supporters and to engage in old-school grassroots campaigning, providing another example of the Internet fusing the old and new.

But candidates will not be the only ones relying on the web to create change; citizens will too. The public is no longer content to sit and watch what is happening. Instead, they will continue to use the Internet to learn more about positions, question candidates, and become far more involved in issues that affect their lives.

This is the essence of digital populism and the new politics of inclusion. It makes sense because personal empowerment is what we have wanted since the dawn of time. Call it human nature.

Image courtesy of iStockphoto, ranckreporter

This story originally published on Mashable here.

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No grand jury in Trayvon Martin shooting

The special prosecutor has said she does not need one to continue her investigation, though the decision rules out a first-degree murder charge.

A grand jury will not look into the Trayvon Martin case, a special prosecutor said Monday, leaving the decision of whether to charge the teen's shooter in her hands alone and eliminating the possibility of a first-degree murder charge.

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That prosecutor, Angela Corey, said her decision had no bearing on whether she would file charges against George Zimmerman, the neighborhood watch volunteer who has said he shot the unarmed black teen in self-defense. Corey could still decide to charge him with a serious felony such as manslaughter, which can carry a lengthy prison sentence if he is convicted.

A grand jury had been set to meet Tuesday in Sanford, about 20 miles northeast of Orlando.

Corey has long had a reputation for not using grand juries if it wasn't necessary. In Florida, only first-degree murder cases require the use of grand juries.

RECOMMENDED: How 5 young black men see race and justice in the US

Corey's decision means she doesn't have to rely on potentially unpredictable jurors, said David Hill, an Orlando criminal defense attorney.

"Let's give her the benefit of the doubt. Maybe she knows there isn't enough for first-degree murder but she wants to maintain control and charge him with something else," Hill said. "What does she need a grand jury for? She cuts out the unpredictability of the grand jury. She goes where she feels she has more evidence."

Corey took over the case last month after the prosecutor who normally handles cases out of Sanford recused himself. That prosecutor, Norm Wolfinger, had originally called for the case to be presented before a grand jury.

"From the moment she was assigned, Ms. Corey noted she may not need a grand jury," said a statement from Corey's office.

Prosecutors sometimes use grand juries to avoid the political fallout from controversial cases. But Corey was elected by voters more than 100 miles away in the Jacksonville area, so political problems are less of an issue for Corey, Hill said.

Martin was killed Feb. 26 during a confrontation with Zimmerman in a gated community in Sanford.

Zimmerman has claimed self-defense, and Florida's self-defense law gives wide leeway to use deadly force and eliminates a person's duty to retreat in the face of danger.

Zimmerman's attorney, Craig Sonner, said he didn't want to comment on Corey's decision.

An attorney for Martin's parents said in a statement that he is not surprised by the decision to avoid the grand jury and hopes a decision is reached soon.

"The family has been patient throughout this process and asks that those who support them do the same during this very important investigation," said attorney Benjamin Crump.

The case has led to protests across the nation and spurred a debate about race and the laws of self-defense. Martin was black; Zimmerman's father is white and his mother is Hispanic.

In Georgia, a civil rights activist is challenging that state's so-called stand your ground law. The Rev. Markel Hutchins said he sued Monday in Atlanta in response to Martin's death. The lawsuit claims the law leads to the unnecessary use of lethal force.

RECOMMENDED:?How 5 young black men see race and justice in the US

On Monday, one protest led to the temporary closing of the Sanford Police Department offices to the public for most of the day as about a half dozen student activists blocked the building entrance.

Police officers took no action to remove the protesters, who were part of a group of students who marched from Daytona Beach to Sanford over the weekend.

Citizens wanting to do business with the police department were directed to City Hall.

Calling themselves "the Dream Defenders," the protesters demanded Zimmerman's arrest; a special investigation into the Sanford Police Department; a community meeting; and the firing of the city manager and the police chief who temporarily stepped down after Martin's death, Bill Lee. Darren Scott, a 23-year veteran of the Sanford Police Department, was named acting chief. Lee is still employed with the department and receiving his salary.

After meeting with six of the protesters, city officials agreed only to a community forum next week.

"The city certainly is committed to justice for Trayvon Martin," said City Manager Norton Bonaparte Jr.

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Antarctic ice shelf dwindles as satellite looks on

As a European satellite enters its second decade in orbit, it continues to observe the retreat of an Antarctic ice sheet, which has been dwindling due to warming.

The satellite, Envisat, was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on March 1, 2002. One of its first observations was the disintegration of 1,235 square miles (3,200 square kilometers) of ice from part of the Larsen Ice Shelf. (Ice shelves are "permanent" floating sheets of ice connected to a land mass, with most of the world's ice shelves hugging the coast of Antarctica.)

The Larsen Ice Shelf encompasses shelves: A (the smallest), B and C (the largest), which line the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The peninsula is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth, jutting north of the rest of the frozen continent.

Over its decade in orbit, Envisat has watched the B shelf dwindle by an additional 691 square miles (1,790 square km), due to calving events whereby large chunks of ice break off from the main shelf. For instance, a chunk twice the size of the city of Dallas broke off of Larsen B in January 2005. This shelf is now less than 15 percent of its size in 1995.

While Larsen A disintegrated in January 1995, Larsen C has been stable, though observations show it is thinning and that its summer melts are becoming longer.

  1. More science news from msnbc.com

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      Science editor Alan Boyle's blog: An art historian contends that the Shroud of Turin bears the true imprint of Jesus' body, and that displays of the cloth inspired the Easter story of his resurrection. Skeptics and believers alike scoff at the idea.

    2. Deadly bacteria lurk in Deepwater Horizon tar balls
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"Ice shelves are sensitive to atmospheric warming and to changes in ocean currents and temperatures," said Helmut Rott, a professor from the University of Innsbruck in Austria, in a statement. "The northern Antarctic Peninsula has been subject to atmospheric warming of about 2.5 degrees Celsius (4.5 degrees Fahrenheit) over the last 50 years ?a much stronger warming trend than on global average, causing retreat and disintegration of ice shelves."

Envisat is scheduled to continue its radar observations for at least another two years, until the next generation of satellites, called the Sentinels, go online in 2013, according to the ESA. [ In Images: Tracking a Retreating Glacier ]

You can follow LiveScience senior writer Wynne Parry on Twitter @Wynne_Parry. Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.

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Sprint's 4G LTE Phone Plans Will Be an Unlimited Data Buffet [Sprint]

Those worried that Sprint's retreat from unlimited 4G mobile hotspots was a harbinger for tiered 4G phone pricing can rest easy. When the company releases the 4G LTE LG Viper later this month, it'll roll out an unlimited 4G LTE data plan to go with it. Let the feast commence! More »


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The Differences between a Substance Abuse Programs

In an attempt to mitigate the co-related effects of drug abuse and crime, programs that provided treatment for substance abuse in prison were introduced in the 1980s (Burdon et al., 2002). This essay seeks to make a comparison between the differences in a substance abuse program (SAP) in prison and a program in the outside community.

Comparison of Mandated and non-mandated Treatment

When gauging the effectiveness of voluntary and coerced treatment, factors such as recidivism, motivation in patients to continue treatment and the outcome of treatment make the top considerations. Studies have shown that the legal status of treatment program referrals is an effective retention-enhancing and outcome-improving strategy (Parhar, Wormith, Derkzen & Beauregard, 2008).

Additional comparative research has shown that individuals who are legally mandated to be in treatment are likely to stay longer in treatment compared to those who are not legally mandated.

The attendance rate is also higher among those who are coerced to attend treatment. Retention was also increased by the elevation of the individual's perceived legal status regardless of their actual legal status (Anglin, Prendergast & Farabee, 1998; Parhar et al., 2008).

However, studies exist that have shown negative results for mandated treatment. It has been found that organizations that carry out 75% of mandated cases perform poorly when compared to organizations with less mandated cases. Other studies have shown that treatment that is mandated does not reduce recidivism, while others show that the level of effectiveness is the same in mandated treatment as it is in non-mandated treatment. The confusing results have to do with different definitions of coerced and voluntary treatment. To be effective, programs have to be lengthy, highly structured, and flexible, and be regularly evaluated (Anglin, Prendergast & Farabee, 1998; Parhar et al., 2008).

Conclusion

Although some studies show that coerced treatment has its successes, others show that this kind of treatment is ineffective or equally effective to non-mandated treatment at best. This discrepancy has to do with the non-standard definitions of ?coerced? and ?voluntary? in the studies conducted. Programs, however, have been shown to be made more effective by increasing their duration, making them structured and flexible, and evaluating them regularly.

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