New Toshiba camera sensor lets you refocus after the shot, plans 2013 launch in smartphones and tablets

New Toshiba camera sensor lets you refocus after you take the shot, plans to launch in smartphones and tablets next year

Hoping for some after-the-fact focusing in your next smartphone camera? Well, you'll have to wait around a year, but Toshiba's planning exactly that with a new module that houses an array of 500,000 tiny lenses. Within a 1cm-thick unit, these lenses are layered in front of the camera sensor, which can capture slightly different images from each lens arrangement. Those picture can then be combined in a "complete" picture using Toshiba's own software. Apparently, the camera will also be able to measure the distance between objects in the shot -- similar to how 3D images are captured -- with the user then able to shift focus between close and distant detail, or even create images that are in-focus throughout. Toshiba says the module will also be able to capture video with a similar degree of focus management -- something that Lytro hasn't got around to just yet. The sensor is still a work in progress, but the manufacturer plans to commercialize the module before the end of 2013. Toshiba is looking to ally itself with multiple smartphone (and tablet) makers -- and here's hoping that it finds its way into a device outside of Japan.

[Thanks Franck]

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Source: Asahi Shinbun (Japanese), (English)

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/TeS58SHAm68/

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Newt Gingrich's Phone Rings During Interview, Embarrassing Ringtone Revealed (VIDEO)

Newt Gingrich came on HuffPost Live to talk guns, FOX News and fiscal cliff business with HuffPost reporter Sam Stein and HuffPost Live Host Marc Lamont Hill, but something else came up: his ringtone.

In the midst of detailing his plan to begin a six-month study called, "Gingrich Productions" where Gingrich is setting out to find out exactly why he, Karl Rove, Dick Morris and several key members of the Romney campaign were so wrong with the numbers on election night, Gingrich's phone began to ring.

As Newt gave the phone away to someone off camera, host Marc Lamont Hill zeroed in on the ringtone, forcing Gingrich to reveal a possibly embarrassing choice of his.

Watch the full segment at HuffPost Live.

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/26/newt-gingrichs-phone-ring_n_2367510.html

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Scientist at Work Blog: For the Social Wrasse, News, Good and Bad

Luiz Rocha, the curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences, writes from Belize, where he conducts research on one of the world?s most endangered fish, social wrasse.

December 15, 2012

After hours on airplanes and in airports ? with a last leg by boat ? I finally arrived at Carrie Bow Key. It was late afternoon and there was no time to dive. But what I found on the Pelican Keys early the next morning was not encouraging. Invasive lionfish lurked around the islands. And after catching a few of them, I went for a walk in the mangroves and found trash strewn along the shore.

I had come to Belize to assess the potential threats to a small, but important, member of the reef ecosystem. And by Day 2, I had found two major threats to the social wrasse.

Now for the good news: The lionfish population is not large. And I saw many social wrasses, although they were only juveniles and females. Their schools were, as expected, high in the water column feeding on plankton, dutifully capturing nutrients from the water and transferring them to the reef.

The few lionfish that our team observed seemed to prefer a high-relief habitat with big rocks and overhangs. Those types of habitats are hard to find here.

We captured two lionfish and both of their stomachs were empty, but they were well-nourished. We may have just been unlucky, catching them between meals. Of course, we will keep capturing more lionfish during the next few days.

Many islands in the Caribbean are doing a good job in keeping the lionfish population in check. They are quite tasty once you get past the poisonous spines and good marketing has made them popular in restaurants. There are now lionfish tournaments and in some places even tourists are encouraged to spear them. But none of this will be enough to eradicate the species. Lionfish have very broad habitat requirements and some have been spotted from submersibles as deep as 1,000 feet. Even if divers control them at shallow depths there will always be more deeper down.

Recognizing that humans can?t possibly catch all of these new invaders, some dive shops are resorting to a slightly more controversial tact. In Mexico, Barbados and a few other places in the Caribbean, people are ?training? groupers, sharks, morays and other large reef fish to eat lionfish.

While at first this practice seems to be the logical thing to do, there is no evidence that these larger fish are actively trying to catch live lionfish. Rather, they are learning that divers in the water mean ?free handouts,? and becoming very aggressive when divers don?t give them their lionfish snack.

Whether it?s effective to try to sic fish on fish is unclear, but the strategy remains a heavily debated topic in the scientific literature. And regardless of our efforts to control this spiny exotic, it?s clear that the lionfish is here to stay. And it?s up to us to figure out what they are doing to their new home because maybe then we can devise better ways to mitigate their impact on the reef and the social wrasse.

Source: http://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/for-the-social-wrasse-news-good-and-bad/?partner=rss&emc=rss

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AGU: Journal highlights 17 Dec., 2012

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-Dec-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Kate Ramsayer
kramsayer@agu.org
202-777-7524
American Geophysical Union

Highlights, including authors and their institutions

The following highlights summarize research papers that have been recently published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL).

In this release:

1. First satellite detection of volcanogenic carbon monoxide
2. Antarctic sea ice thickness affects algae populations
3. Central European Summer Temperature Variability to Increase
4. Global ocean salinity changing due to anthropogenic climate change
5. Chamber measurements find plants potentially important methane sink
6. Low-frequency radio emissions from high-altitude sprite discharge

Anyone may read the scientific abstract for any already-published paper by clicking on the link provided at the end of each Highlight. You can also read the abstract by going to http://www.agu.org/pubs/search_options.shtml and inserting into the search engine the full doi (digital object identifier), e.g. 10.1029/2012GL053275. The doi is found at the end of each Highlight below.

Journalists and public information officers (PIOs) at educational or scientific institutions who are registered with AGU also may download papers cited in this release by clicking on the links below. Instructions for members of the news media, PIOs, and the public for downloading or ordering the full text of any research paper summarized below are available at http://www.agu.org/news/press/papers.shtml.


1. First satellite detection of volcanogenic carbon monoxide

Measuring and tracking the gases that vent from an erupting volcano is a project wrought with potential dangers and difficulties. On the ground measurements place researchers in harm's way, as do airborne sampling surveys. These approaches may also suffer from issues around accurately representing the spatial and temporal shifts in gas emissions rates. As such, satellite-based remote sensing techniques are becoming a favorite way to assess the dispersion and concentrations of various volcanic gases. Devising a functional remote sensing scheme, however, depends on identifying a satellite sensor that can reliably identify the chemical species in question and pick the volcanic emissions out from the background concentrations. Such efforts have so far been successful for only a few volcanic gases: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.

Working from satellite observational records from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull and 2011 Grmsvtn eruptions, Martnez-Alonso et al. find that the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere sensor aboard NASA's Terra satellite and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer on the European Space Agency's Meteorological Operational satellite MetOp-A could be used to remotely detect volcanic carbon monoxide emissions. The two sensors measured atmospheric carbon monoxide in different ways and hence could be used to support the other's observations. The authors find that the remotely sensed volcanogenic carbon monoxide is not a misdiagnosis of atmospheric water vapor or aerosols. Further, their concentration measurements aligned with airborne surveys.

Based on their detections, the authors estimate that the global emission of volcanic carbon monoxide is approximately 5.5 teragrams per year, a small but not insignificant fraction of total annual emissions.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL053275, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053275

Title: First satellite identification of volcanic carbon monoxide

Authors: Sara Martnez-Alonso, Merritt N. Deeter, Helen M. Worden, Debbie Mao, and John C. Gille: Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA;

Cathy Clerbaux: LATMOS, IPSL, CNRS/INSU, UPMC Universit Paris 06, Universit Versailles St.-Quentin, Paris, France.


2. Antarctic sea ice thickness affects algae populations

In the waters off Antarctica, algae grow and live in the sea ice that surrounds the southern continent-a floating habitat sure to change as the planet warms. As with most aquatic ecosystems, microscopic algae form the base of the Southern Ocean food web. Distinct algae populations reside in the sea ice surface layers, on the ice's underside, and within the floating ice itself. The algae that reside on the floating ice's underside are particularly important for the region's krill population, while those on the interior or surface layers are less accessible. How changing sea ice properties will affect the regional biology, then, depends on understanding how algae populations interact with the ice.

Drawing together samples collected by previous researchers, and through their own efforts, Meiners et al. developed the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate-Biology database, a collection of 1,300 Antarctic sea ice core samples collected from 1983 to 2008. By melting core samples and measuring the concentration of chlorophyll a, researchers can estimate the amount of algae living in the ice, with vertical profiles indicating where ice algal biomass peaks.

Using their database, the authors find that algae populations vary seasonally, peaking in the spring and late summer. They find that though algal biomass is distributed evenly among surface, interior, and underside populations, there is a distinct relationship between sea ice thickness and the likelihood of biomass maxima in different layers. They find that on thin ice, less than 0.4 meters (1.3 feet) thick, algae live on both the surface and the underside. For ice from 0.4 to 1 m (1.3 to 3.3 feet) thick, however, the majority of the algae were on the ice's underside. Thick ice, often formed by rafting of ice floes, showed a more homogeneous distribution of ice algal biomass.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053478, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053478

Title: Chlorophyll a in Antarctic sea ice from historical ice core data

Authors: K. M. Meiners and B. Raymond: Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

M. Vancoppenolle: Laboratoire d'Ocanographie et du Climat (CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN), IPSL, Paris, France;

S. Thanassekos: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

G. S. Dieckmann: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Science, Bremerhaven, Germany;

D. N. Thomas: School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, UK, and Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland and Arctic Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;

J.-L. Tison: Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Universit Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;

K. R. Arrigo: Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;

D. L. Garrison: Biological Oceanography Program, Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, USA;

A. McMinn and K. M. Swadling: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

D. Lannuzel and P. van derMerwe: Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia and Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

W. O. Smith Jr.: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA;

I. Melnikov: P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.


3. Central European summer temperature variability to increase

More extreme heat waves have been observed in central Europe in recent years as summer temperature variability has increased on both daily and interannual timescales. Models project that as the climate warms throughout the 21st century, this increased variability will continue.

To evaluate the robustness of those previous findings, which are based on regional climate models from the Prediction of Regional Scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate Change Risks and Effects (PRUDENCE) project or a small sample of models from the ENSEMBLES project, Fischer et al. revisit model projections using the full set of ENSEMBLES regional climate models. These models cover a larger uncertainty range than previous studies. They note that PRUDENCE regional climate models are all driven by the same global climate model, while ENSEMBLES regional climate models are driven by six different global climate models.

They find that PRUDENCE models all projected a substantial increase in interannual summer temperature variability in central Europe by the end of the 21st century, while different ENSEMBLES models projected different amounts of interannual summer temperature variability, with the mean of ENSEMBLES models projecting no clear increase. However, those ENSEMBLES models that most realistically represented present-day interannual summer temperature variability did project an increase in temperature variability over central Europe by the end of the 21st century. Under the assumption that a model with a better representation of the present-day conditions provides a more credible estimate of future changes, the reduced set of well-performing models yields a robust projection.

The study also indicates that the largest increases in interannual summer temperature variability would occur mainly in the central European region that is a transition zone between dry climates in the south and moist climates in the north. They also find that all ENSEMBLES regional climate models project an increase in daily summer temperature variability over central Europe. They emphasize that hot extremes are expected to warm more strongly than the summer mean temperature.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL052730, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052730

Title: Changes in European summer temperature variability revisited

Authors: E. M. Fischer, J. Rajczak, and C. Schr: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.


4. Global ocean salinity changing due to anthropogenic climate change

Rising sea surface temperatures, climbing sea levels, and ocean acidification are the most commonly discussed consequences of anthropogenic climate change for the global oceans. They are not, however, the only potentially important shifts observed over recent decades. Drawing on observations from 1955 to 2004, Pierce et al. find that the oceans' salinity changed throughout the study period, that the changes were independent of known natural variability, and that the shifts were consistent with the expected effects of anthropogenic climate change.

The authors analyzed 50 years of salinity and temperature observations drawn from the National Oceanographic Data Center's records. The observations spanned the top 700 meters (2,300 feet) of the water column from 60 degrees North to 60 degrees South. Using 20 global general circulation models, they assessed whether the observed changes in ocean salinity and temperature could be explained by known natural cycles: the El Nio-Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the effects of volcanic eruptions, and changes in solar activity. They find that the observed trends, which varied regionally, did not relate to any of these forcings. However, the observed trends are consistent with model estimates of the effects of human-caused climate change.

The slowly shifting global salinity field is known to be affected by changes in the hydrological cycle, including changes in evaporation and precipitation rates, ocean currents, river discharge, and other forces. As such, the authors suggest that the observed human-driven trends in the global salinity field demonstrate an ongoing, long-term shift in the global hydrological cycle that is likely to continue into the future.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL053389, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053389

Title: The fingerprint of human-induced changes in the ocean's salinity and temperature fields

Authors: David W. Pierce and Tim P. Barnett: Division of Climate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA;

Peter J. Gleckler, Benjamin D. Santer and Paul J. Durack: Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.


5. Chamber measurements find plants potentially important methane sink

As a greenhouse gas, methane has a much higher heat-trapping potential than carbon dioxide when considered over the course of a few decades. In recent years, researchers discovered a potentially important new source of atmospheric methane-emissions from green plants. Though estimates of the extent of vegetative methane emissions vary greatly, previous research suggests they could amount to as much as a tenth of global annual emissions. The mechanism behind such emissions is a matter of considerable debate, with questions remaining regarding the effects of atmospheric or soil conditions, local hydrological influences, and variability for different plant species. Also under investigation are various potential plant methane uptake mechanisms, or the effects of methane- consuming bacteria-aspects of the methane cycle that could dampen plants' role as a methane source.

To determine the overall effect of some boreal tree species on atmospheric methane, Sundqvist et al. used branch chamber measurements to directly assess the net gas exchange for birch, spruce, pine, and rowan trees in a Swedish forest. The authors find that all four tree species were net absorbers of atmospheric methane, meaning they served as a sink rather than a source. The authors analyzed how the methane exchange varied with changes in the availability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, photosynthesis rate, and ultraviolet radiation levels. For birch, spruce and rowan trees, but not pine, they find that an increase in PAR caused the trees to take up more methane. They find that temperature changes had inconsistent effects on methane exchange. The authors suggest that plants could actually be an important global sink, rather than source, for atmospheric methane.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053592, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053592

Title: Atmospheric methane removal by boreal plants

Authors: Elin Sundqvist, Meelis Mlder, Patrik Vestin and Anders Lindroth: Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;

Patrick Crill: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.


6. Low-frequency radio emissions from high-altitude sprite discharge

When lightning strikes from a towering cumulonimbus cloud down to the ground, the electrical discharge can perturb the atmosphere's electric field, potentially triggering a second event-sprite discharge. This more elusive type of electrical discharge, which produces lightning that is red in color, initiates from high altitudes, with streamers propagating down toward the top of the cumulonimbus cloud. Coincident with the dramatic displays, researchers have previously identified low-frequency radio emissions, which they suggest may be produced in association with the sprite discharge. Investigating this hypothesis, Qin et al. used a two-dimensional plasma model to calculate the radio emissions that should be produced by a single sprite streamer.

The authors find the frequency of the radio emissions that should be produced by a sprite streamer depends on two main factors: the air density (which decreases with altitude) and the background electric field through which the streamer is propagating. The authors find that sprite streamers that initiate from 75 kilometers (47 miles) altitude emit radio waves with frequencies from 0 to 3 kilohertz (up to the "very low frequency" range). If the sprite streamers spawned at 40 kilometers (25 miles) altitude, they would emit low-frequency radiowaves, with frequencies up to 300 kilohertz. Further, the authors suggest that the sprite streamers branching mechanism could act as a band-pass filter, with the radio wave frequencies being lower at high altitudes than at low altitudes.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL053991, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053991

Title: Low frequency electromagnetic radiation from sprite streamers

Authors: Jianqi Qin, Sebastien Celestin, and Victor P. Pasko: Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.


Contact:

Kate Ramsayer
Phone (direct): +1 202 777 7524
E-mail: kramsayer@agu.org

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[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-Dec-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Kate Ramsayer
kramsayer@agu.org
202-777-7524
American Geophysical Union

Highlights, including authors and their institutions

The following highlights summarize research papers that have been recently published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL).

In this release:

1. First satellite detection of volcanogenic carbon monoxide
2. Antarctic sea ice thickness affects algae populations
3. Central European Summer Temperature Variability to Increase
4. Global ocean salinity changing due to anthropogenic climate change
5. Chamber measurements find plants potentially important methane sink
6. Low-frequency radio emissions from high-altitude sprite discharge

Anyone may read the scientific abstract for any already-published paper by clicking on the link provided at the end of each Highlight. You can also read the abstract by going to http://www.agu.org/pubs/search_options.shtml and inserting into the search engine the full doi (digital object identifier), e.g. 10.1029/2012GL053275. The doi is found at the end of each Highlight below.

Journalists and public information officers (PIOs) at educational or scientific institutions who are registered with AGU also may download papers cited in this release by clicking on the links below. Instructions for members of the news media, PIOs, and the public for downloading or ordering the full text of any research paper summarized below are available at http://www.agu.org/news/press/papers.shtml.


1. First satellite detection of volcanogenic carbon monoxide

Measuring and tracking the gases that vent from an erupting volcano is a project wrought with potential dangers and difficulties. On the ground measurements place researchers in harm's way, as do airborne sampling surveys. These approaches may also suffer from issues around accurately representing the spatial and temporal shifts in gas emissions rates. As such, satellite-based remote sensing techniques are becoming a favorite way to assess the dispersion and concentrations of various volcanic gases. Devising a functional remote sensing scheme, however, depends on identifying a satellite sensor that can reliably identify the chemical species in question and pick the volcanic emissions out from the background concentrations. Such efforts have so far been successful for only a few volcanic gases: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.

Working from satellite observational records from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull and 2011 Grmsvtn eruptions, Martnez-Alonso et al. find that the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere sensor aboard NASA's Terra satellite and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer on the European Space Agency's Meteorological Operational satellite MetOp-A could be used to remotely detect volcanic carbon monoxide emissions. The two sensors measured atmospheric carbon monoxide in different ways and hence could be used to support the other's observations. The authors find that the remotely sensed volcanogenic carbon monoxide is not a misdiagnosis of atmospheric water vapor or aerosols. Further, their concentration measurements aligned with airborne surveys.

Based on their detections, the authors estimate that the global emission of volcanic carbon monoxide is approximately 5.5 teragrams per year, a small but not insignificant fraction of total annual emissions.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL053275, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053275

Title: First satellite identification of volcanic carbon monoxide

Authors: Sara Martnez-Alonso, Merritt N. Deeter, Helen M. Worden, Debbie Mao, and John C. Gille: Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA;

Cathy Clerbaux: LATMOS, IPSL, CNRS/INSU, UPMC Universit Paris 06, Universit Versailles St.-Quentin, Paris, France.


2. Antarctic sea ice thickness affects algae populations

In the waters off Antarctica, algae grow and live in the sea ice that surrounds the southern continent-a floating habitat sure to change as the planet warms. As with most aquatic ecosystems, microscopic algae form the base of the Southern Ocean food web. Distinct algae populations reside in the sea ice surface layers, on the ice's underside, and within the floating ice itself. The algae that reside on the floating ice's underside are particularly important for the region's krill population, while those on the interior or surface layers are less accessible. How changing sea ice properties will affect the regional biology, then, depends on understanding how algae populations interact with the ice.

Drawing together samples collected by previous researchers, and through their own efforts, Meiners et al. developed the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate-Biology database, a collection of 1,300 Antarctic sea ice core samples collected from 1983 to 2008. By melting core samples and measuring the concentration of chlorophyll a, researchers can estimate the amount of algae living in the ice, with vertical profiles indicating where ice algal biomass peaks.

Using their database, the authors find that algae populations vary seasonally, peaking in the spring and late summer. They find that though algal biomass is distributed evenly among surface, interior, and underside populations, there is a distinct relationship between sea ice thickness and the likelihood of biomass maxima in different layers. They find that on thin ice, less than 0.4 meters (1.3 feet) thick, algae live on both the surface and the underside. For ice from 0.4 to 1 m (1.3 to 3.3 feet) thick, however, the majority of the algae were on the ice's underside. Thick ice, often formed by rafting of ice floes, showed a more homogeneous distribution of ice algal biomass.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053478, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053478

Title: Chlorophyll a in Antarctic sea ice from historical ice core data

Authors: K. M. Meiners and B. Raymond: Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

M. Vancoppenolle: Laboratoire d'Ocanographie et du Climat (CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN), IPSL, Paris, France;

S. Thanassekos: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

G. S. Dieckmann: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Science, Bremerhaven, Germany;

D. N. Thomas: School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, UK, and Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland and Arctic Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;

J.-L. Tison: Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Universit Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;

K. R. Arrigo: Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;

D. L. Garrison: Biological Oceanography Program, Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, USA;

A. McMinn and K. M. Swadling: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

D. Lannuzel and P. van derMerwe: Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia and Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;

W. O. Smith Jr.: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA;

I. Melnikov: P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.


3. Central European summer temperature variability to increase

More extreme heat waves have been observed in central Europe in recent years as summer temperature variability has increased on both daily and interannual timescales. Models project that as the climate warms throughout the 21st century, this increased variability will continue.

To evaluate the robustness of those previous findings, which are based on regional climate models from the Prediction of Regional Scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate Change Risks and Effects (PRUDENCE) project or a small sample of models from the ENSEMBLES project, Fischer et al. revisit model projections using the full set of ENSEMBLES regional climate models. These models cover a larger uncertainty range than previous studies. They note that PRUDENCE regional climate models are all driven by the same global climate model, while ENSEMBLES regional climate models are driven by six different global climate models.

They find that PRUDENCE models all projected a substantial increase in interannual summer temperature variability in central Europe by the end of the 21st century, while different ENSEMBLES models projected different amounts of interannual summer temperature variability, with the mean of ENSEMBLES models projecting no clear increase. However, those ENSEMBLES models that most realistically represented present-day interannual summer temperature variability did project an increase in temperature variability over central Europe by the end of the 21st century. Under the assumption that a model with a better representation of the present-day conditions provides a more credible estimate of future changes, the reduced set of well-performing models yields a robust projection.

The study also indicates that the largest increases in interannual summer temperature variability would occur mainly in the central European region that is a transition zone between dry climates in the south and moist climates in the north. They also find that all ENSEMBLES regional climate models project an increase in daily summer temperature variability over central Europe. They emphasize that hot extremes are expected to warm more strongly than the summer mean temperature.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL052730, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052730

Title: Changes in European summer temperature variability revisited

Authors: E. M. Fischer, J. Rajczak, and C. Schr: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.


4. Global ocean salinity changing due to anthropogenic climate change

Rising sea surface temperatures, climbing sea levels, and ocean acidification are the most commonly discussed consequences of anthropogenic climate change for the global oceans. They are not, however, the only potentially important shifts observed over recent decades. Drawing on observations from 1955 to 2004, Pierce et al. find that the oceans' salinity changed throughout the study period, that the changes were independent of known natural variability, and that the shifts were consistent with the expected effects of anthropogenic climate change.

The authors analyzed 50 years of salinity and temperature observations drawn from the National Oceanographic Data Center's records. The observations spanned the top 700 meters (2,300 feet) of the water column from 60 degrees North to 60 degrees South. Using 20 global general circulation models, they assessed whether the observed changes in ocean salinity and temperature could be explained by known natural cycles: the El Nio-Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the effects of volcanic eruptions, and changes in solar activity. They find that the observed trends, which varied regionally, did not relate to any of these forcings. However, the observed trends are consistent with model estimates of the effects of human-caused climate change.

The slowly shifting global salinity field is known to be affected by changes in the hydrological cycle, including changes in evaporation and precipitation rates, ocean currents, river discharge, and other forces. As such, the authors suggest that the observed human-driven trends in the global salinity field demonstrate an ongoing, long-term shift in the global hydrological cycle that is likely to continue into the future.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL053389, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053389

Title: The fingerprint of human-induced changes in the ocean's salinity and temperature fields

Authors: David W. Pierce and Tim P. Barnett: Division of Climate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA;

Peter J. Gleckler, Benjamin D. Santer and Paul J. Durack: Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.


5. Chamber measurements find plants potentially important methane sink

As a greenhouse gas, methane has a much higher heat-trapping potential than carbon dioxide when considered over the course of a few decades. In recent years, researchers discovered a potentially important new source of atmospheric methane-emissions from green plants. Though estimates of the extent of vegetative methane emissions vary greatly, previous research suggests they could amount to as much as a tenth of global annual emissions. The mechanism behind such emissions is a matter of considerable debate, with questions remaining regarding the effects of atmospheric or soil conditions, local hydrological influences, and variability for different plant species. Also under investigation are various potential plant methane uptake mechanisms, or the effects of methane- consuming bacteria-aspects of the methane cycle that could dampen plants' role as a methane source.

To determine the overall effect of some boreal tree species on atmospheric methane, Sundqvist et al. used branch chamber measurements to directly assess the net gas exchange for birch, spruce, pine, and rowan trees in a Swedish forest. The authors find that all four tree species were net absorbers of atmospheric methane, meaning they served as a sink rather than a source. The authors analyzed how the methane exchange varied with changes in the availability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, photosynthesis rate, and ultraviolet radiation levels. For birch, spruce and rowan trees, but not pine, they find that an increase in PAR caused the trees to take up more methane. They find that temperature changes had inconsistent effects on methane exchange. The authors suggest that plants could actually be an important global sink, rather than source, for atmospheric methane.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053592, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053592

Title: Atmospheric methane removal by boreal plants

Authors: Elin Sundqvist, Meelis Mlder, Patrik Vestin and Anders Lindroth: Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;

Patrick Crill: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.


6. Low-frequency radio emissions from high-altitude sprite discharge

When lightning strikes from a towering cumulonimbus cloud down to the ground, the electrical discharge can perturb the atmosphere's electric field, potentially triggering a second event-sprite discharge. This more elusive type of electrical discharge, which produces lightning that is red in color, initiates from high altitudes, with streamers propagating down toward the top of the cumulonimbus cloud. Coincident with the dramatic displays, researchers have previously identified low-frequency radio emissions, which they suggest may be produced in association with the sprite discharge. Investigating this hypothesis, Qin et al. used a two-dimensional plasma model to calculate the radio emissions that should be produced by a single sprite streamer.

The authors find the frequency of the radio emissions that should be produced by a sprite streamer depends on two main factors: the air density (which decreases with altitude) and the background electric field through which the streamer is propagating. The authors find that sprite streamers that initiate from 75 kilometers (47 miles) altitude emit radio waves with frequencies from 0 to 3 kilohertz (up to the "very low frequency" range). If the sprite streamers spawned at 40 kilometers (25 miles) altitude, they would emit low-frequency radiowaves, with frequencies up to 300 kilohertz. Further, the authors suggest that the sprite streamers branching mechanism could act as a band-pass filter, with the radio wave frequencies being lower at high altitudes than at low altitudes.

Source: Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL053991, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053991

Title: Low frequency electromagnetic radiation from sprite streamers

Authors: Jianqi Qin, Sebastien Celestin, and Victor P. Pasko: Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.


Contact:

Kate Ramsayer
Phone (direct): +1 202 777 7524
E-mail: kramsayer@agu.org

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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/agu-ajh121712.php

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Turkey returns fire at Syria

AKCAKALE, Turkey (AP) ? An Associated Press video journalist says Turkish artillery fired toward Syria minutes after a Syrian shell landed on Turkish territory.

The Syrian shell landed some 200 meters (200 yards) inside Turkey, near the border town of Akcakale. A short time later, at least six mortars could be heard fired from Turkey. It was the fifth day in a row that Turkey returned fire.

Abdulhakim Ayhan, the mayor of Akcakale, confirmed that Turkish artillery immediately returned fire.

The Turks have been returning fire since Wednesday when Syrian shelling killed five civilians in a Turkish border town.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/turkey-returns-fire-syria-133404534.html

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ARM server running on pedal power demoed at Red Hat Summit

ARM server running on pedal power demoed at Red Hat Summit

With x86 and a few high-powered RISC chips dominating the list of the most powerful computers on Earth, you might be wondering what's the big deal with ARM and it's push into the server space. Well, this is the big deal. The image above is of Jon Masters powering a Calxeda-server from HP with nothing more than a bicycle. OK, so there's a bit more to the setup -- including a 400 watt inverter, a 35 Ah battery, a UPS and a Pedal-a-Watt -- but the gist of it is that Masters was able keep 32 ARM cores humming along just by pedaling his road bike at the Red Hat Summit. The demo was mostly meant as a proof of concept, but we can easily imagine our future robot overlords putting us to work keeping their network of servers running. On the plus side, pedaling to power the Internet might help solve our global obesity epidemic. For a quick tour of the rig, check out the video after the break.

Continue reading ARM server running on pedal power demoed at Red Hat Summit

ARM server running on pedal power demoed at Red Hat Summit originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 02 Jul 2012 15:59:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink   |  sourceHyperscale Computing Blog  | Email this | Comments

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/07/02/arm-server-running-on-pedal-power-demoed-at-red-hat-summit/

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5 injured in Osprey crash in Florida Panhandle


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NAVARRE, Fla. (AP) - All five airmen aboard an Air Force CV-22 Osprey were hospitalized after the tilt-rotor aircraft with a checkered safety record crashed in the Florida Panhandle, but none of the injuries were life-threatening, military officials said Thursday.

The Osprey, which can take off and land like a helicopter but has wings for level flight, went down Wednesday shortly before sunset in a remote area of Eglin Air Force Base's sprawling reservation north of Navarre, said Airman 1st Class Michelle Vickers at nearby Hurlburt Field, where the Air Force Special Operations Command is headquartered.

Col. Jim Slife, commander of Hurlburt's 1st Special Operations Wing, said his unit's efforts are focused on supporting its injured airmen and their families.

"This particular mission was a gunnery training mission, so it was a two aircraft formation out performing gunnery," Slife said at a news conference. "When the lead aircraft turned around in the gun pattern, they did not see their wingman behind them so they started a brief search and found they had crashed right there on the range."

The aircraft was found upside down and caught fire but did not burn entirely, the Northwest Florida Daily News of Fort Walton Beach reported. The aircraft is one of 25 Ospreys in the Air Force Special Operations Command.

"Some of the individuals who were injured were airlifted out, but others were taken out by ambulance," Vickers said.

Maj. Brian Luce, one of the pilots, and Tech. Sgt. Christopher Dawson, a flight engineer, were listed in stable condition at Eglin's hospital.

Capt. Brett Cassidy, the second pilot, and Tech. Sgt. Edilberto Malave, a flight engineer, also were in stable condition at Sacred Heart Hospital in Pensacola. Staff Sgt. Sean McMahon, a flight engineer, was in guarded condition at Sacred Heart.

The Eglin reservation covers 724 square miles, about two-thirds the size of Rhode Island. It is mostly forest but also includes swamps, streams, clearings and remote airfields.

An Air Force board will investigate to determine the cause of the crash, which happened just two months after a Marine Corps version of the aircraft, an MV-22 Osprey, went down during a training exercise in Morocco. Two Marines were killed and two others severely injured in that crash.

Earlier this month, the military put plans on hold for briefly deploying Marine Ospreys to a city in Japan after local officials objected due to the aircraft's safety record.

An Air Force version was the first Osprey to crash in Afghanistan in April 2010, killing three service members and a civilian contractor. Ospreys went into service with the Marines and Air Force in 2006. The Marines began using them in Iraq the following year.

The Osprey initially was developed for the Marines to replace transport helicopters. It can carry 24 troops and fly twice as fast as comparable assault helicopters while retaining the ability to hover. Twin engines with large, 38-foot diameter propellers mounted on the wing tips tilt up for taking off and landing. Each aircraft is priced at about $70 million.

The Air Force version is equipped with a missile defense system, terrain-following radar, a forward-looking infrared sensor and other electronic gear that enable it to avoid detection and defend itself on special operations missions over enemy territory.

The Osprey was nearly canceled several times during its lengthy development due to cost overruns and safety questions.

Nineteen Marines were killed in 2000 when an Osprey crashed during a training exercise in Arizona. Another MV-22 crashed in North Carolina, killing four Marines, in December of that year.

When former Vice President Dick Cheney was defense secretary, he tried to kill the program in 1989, saying the aircraft wasn't needed, but the Marines persuaded Congress to keep it going.

- - -

Information from: Northwest Florida Daily News, http://www.nwfdailynews.com

- - -

Information from: Northwest Florida Daily News, http://www.nwfdailynews.com


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Queens Pride House leadership transition (June 2012 e-newsletter ...

Queens Pride House
e-newsletter?June 2012

Queens Pride House leadership transition

In May, Silvia Dutchevici resigned as executive director of?Queens Pride House in order to attend to pressing health-related issues. In the wake of Silvia?s resignation, the board of directors asked?Pauline Park to serve as acting executive director. Along with Charles J. Ober (board treasurer and chief financial officer), Pauline is one of only two of the original co-founders who is still actively involved with?Queens Pride House. ?Pauline served as the first secretary of the original board of directors when QPH was founded in January 1997 and returned to the board in April 2010 after an absence, subsequently being elected as president of the board of directors in July 2010, and she will continue to serve in that capacity. Perhaps best known for having led the campaign for the transgender rights law enacted by the New York City Council in 2002, Pauline was the first openly transgendered person to be named grand marshal of the New York City Pride March, in which capacity she served in 2005.

Queens Pride House staff changes

Carlos M. Cubas is an openly gay Latino man who came to the United States from Peru at the age of nine. Bilingual and bicultural, he first?came to volunteer at Queens Pride House in June 2011 and in April,?joined the staff as health outreach coordinator. Carlos serves as co-coordinator of the Grupo Latino, the Spanish-speaking men?s group, and provides support for all of the groups meeting at Queens Pride House.

Michelle Fatemah Abdus-Shakur is an openly transgendered African American woman who has spoken widely on transgender rights, social justice and equality of economic opportunity for all.?Michelle first came to volunteer at Queens Pride House in June 2011. Since then, she has taken on many responsibilities, including as office manager as well as facilitator of the transgender empowerment group. Michelle will continue to serve in both capacities but she now takes on a new set of responsibilities as program coordinator at?Queens Pride House.

Bayard Rustin film screening at Pride House

?Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin? is the critically acclaimed documentary about the gay African American man who organized the 1963 national march on Washington, D.C. for civil rights at which the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his iconic ?I have a dream? speech.?We will be honored by the presence of Walter Naegle, Rustin?s life partner, who will join us for a Q&A session following?the screening of this groundbreaking film about Rustin?s 60-year career as an activist. So please join us from 7-9 p.m. on Friday, July 27 for the screening of this landmark documentary about one of the great civil rights and LGBT rights leaders~!

LGBT parenting workshop:?The Nuts & Bolts of Starting a Family: Adoptions, Foster Care & Surrogacy

Co-sponsored by the Center Families

Join us for a workshop on the nuts and bolts of starting a family through adoption (domestic and international), foster care, and surrogacy.? An attorney and adoption specialist will review the overall process and legal issues including the home study, birthmother search and matching, fees, and placement.?? They will also survey the legal concerns of children of same-sex parents who are married in New York but might travel out of state where same-sex marriage is not recognized.? LGBT parents who have children will also be on hand to talk about how they became parents, their joys and struggles of parenting, family acceptance, and negotiating who is ?daddy? or ?mommy.?

Tuesday, July 10, 2012
6:30-8 p.m.
Queens Pride House
76-11 37th Avenue, at 77th Street
Jackson Heights, NY
E/F M/R to Jackson Heights-Roosevelt Ave, or 7 train to 74th Street-Broadway

Light refreshments will be served.? A $10 donation is greatly appreciated.

Dr. Judith Lee:?Judith founded and directed a very successful domestic adoption agency for 13 years and focused her doctoral work on adoptions while at New York University.? Dr. Lee is a hands-on adoption expert, and works with couples or individuals who are looking to adopt a child privately.

Christopher S. Goeken, Esq.?Christopher is not only an adoption attorney who specializes in LGBT adoptions, but he?s also the proud father of a kindergartener adopted with his partner.? Christopher has handled adoptions throughout the NYC region for all kinds of families, and has trained other lawyers in the adoption process.

Open Colors

Open Colors is the youth group that meets at?Queens Pride House every Wednesday from 7:15-8:30 p.m. The group is open to any youth age 14-24. The group offers members the opportunity to find?group support, make new friends, do community outreach and build leadership skills. Snacks and light refreshments are provided.?The group ?is facilitated by Lior Ben-Avraham, a social work student at New York University and an intern at Queens Pride House. For more info., contact Lior?(LBen-Avraham@queenspridehouse.org).

Queens Pride 2012

Queens Pride House fielded a contingent of nearly 30 people in the?Queens Pride Parade on Sunday, June 3, with individuals marching behind the banners of the Grupo Latino and the Bear Den as well as?Queens Pride House itself. Afterwards, staff members and volunteers tabled at the?Queens Pride House booth at the multicultural festival on 37th Road, disseminating health-related information and free condoms to attendees from throughout the borough and the city.

Queens Pride House?15th anniversary ?celebration

We will be celebrating the 15th anniversary of Queens Pride House at a restaurant in Queens on the evening of Thursday,?Sept. 27. Please mark your calendars for this special event; more details to come~!

Queens Pride House?membership

Queens Pride House is launching a new membership program, with basic membership at $10 a year, couples at $15 and families at $20; there is also a $5 membership rate for those who are students, unemployed or living on a fixed income. QPH membership will entitle members to free or reduced entrance to special events and discounts at local stores, restaurants, and cultural venues in Queens. Membership fees will go to supporting the important work of Queens Pride House. If you are interested in joining, please e-mail??Carlos Cubas (CCubas@queenspridehouse.org).

Stop & Frisk March

Queens Pride House has endorsed the Father?s Day March to End Stop & Frisk and Racial Profiling, which will take place in Manhattan at 3 p.m. on Sunday, June 17, and we would encourage all who support social justice to participate in this important action:

http://www.silentmarchnyc.org/

?

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Applications About To Close For Wayra London Incubator

screen-shot-2012-03-07-at-14-27-18Back in March giant telco Telefonica opened the latest addition to its growing global network of startup incubators dubbed "Wayra Academy". Wayra is the latest incubator/accelerator in London, joining Springboard, Seedcamp and Innovation Warehouse. Now this is fair warning that the deadline for Wayra applications is about to close. So you better hurry. You can apply here. If you're wondering what the deal is with this latest in a long line of new European incubators, then here's how it's set up:

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Dialog - UA Faculty & Staff News ? UA Sport Clubs: A Shared Passion

April 16th, 2012 - Filed under: Cover Story

By Kristen Moore

There are more than 20 sport clubs offered by University Recreation within the Division of Student Affairs. Sport clubs provide high-quality, structured, competitive and fun recreation activities that give participants the opportunity to?experience physical, social and emotional growth in a safe learning environment. Housed in University Recreation rather than the athletics department, sport clubs are organized?and managed by students.

Sport clubs, however, often require more of a time?commitment, are more expensive and are more competitive than intramural sports.

?Sport clubs are a great way to stay involved on campus but still play the sport you love at a competitive level,? said Ryan Barletta, a senior chemical engineering major and?current Bama Hockey president.

Ann Francis, a junior nursing major, has been riding horses since she was four years old. When she transferred to UA in fall 2010, she expressed interest in continuing to ride horses to a UA administrator. After having conversations with University Recreation, University administrators and Andy Kocher, the owner of Westminster Farm in Northport, the?concept of an equestrian team became a reality. Francis,?who now serves at the president of the equestrian team,?said that interest in the team grew quickly, from an initial 11 students to a current 42 members. With new emails from interested students daily, the equestrian team is going strong.

Team members practice once a week for two hours in small groups of three or four depending on their class schedules and riding levels. Practices are led by head coach Kocher and hunt seat coach Christie Saunders. The team meets monthly and completes more than 200 community service hours collectively each semester.

Ann Francis

Diane Harrison, advancement officer for the alumni and corporate relations office in the Culverhouse College of Commerce, is the equestrian team adviser. She said that the students? experience on the team will help them become stronger students, citizens, family members and future employees. ?My hope is that members of the UA equestrian team will learn the importance of hard work, dedication and endurance in every aspect of their life.?

Francis said she feels that she is developing those skills?in both academics and on the team while also building a strong network of friends. ?My favorite thing about being?on the equestrian team is our barn days. Barn days are?team bonding days when we all come together and clean?the barn, do teambuilding activities and get to know each other even better than we already do.?

The Bama Hockey team was developed in 2005, and?has faced many challenges since its inception. With no?hockey rink in Tuscaloosa, team members drive 56 miles to and from Pelham to practice and play in Pelham Civic Center. Despite challenges, the original 15 men who began the?team had the goal to build tradition, and that is what they instilled in their teammates. ?The men before me taught?me that we had to take ourselves seriously if we wanted?others to take us seriously,? Barletta said.

Ryan Barletta

Student officers are tasked with the responsibility of?raising and managing money, organizing buses and hotel rooms for weekend trips, setting up practices and meetings, and keeping the team going.

?There is a huge time commitment from the officers,?captains and coaches. It is challenging to manage the team and keep up with schoolwork, but I have learned so much about time management, communication and relationships while being on the Bama Hockey team,? Barletta said.

He and current head coach Mike Quenneville are proud of where the Bama Hockey team is today. As one of the top hockey sport clubs teams in the SEC, their ultimate goal is to make it to the Hockey National Championship. Quenneville?s other goal is to find funding for the hockey program to reduce the high cost for students and to provide them with safe transportation to and from Pelham Civic Center.

Francis and Barletta have devoted much of their lives to an activity they love. Although the sport clubs they are involved in are very different, they have a few common?factors ? they create a strong bond among team members, provide them with major responsibilities, and give them a?safe learning environment to grow as an athlete, a student and an individual.

?I have learned a lot of life lessons being on the Bama Hockey team,? Barletta said. ?And most importantly, being a part of this sport club let me meet my best friends.?

Francis expressed the same feeling:??I will leave UA with a strong network of people that I learned from and grew so much with. We will always share that?common bond.?

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